European Congress on Laser, Optics and Photonics September 18-19, 2023 Rome, Italy

A fibre laser is a laser with an optical fibre doped with rare-earth elements such as erbium, ytterbium, neodymium, dysprosium, praseodymium, thulium, and holmium as the enthusiastic pickup medium. Fiber lasers are unique from other laser types for the most part. A fibre laser is a type of laser in which the pillar and the laser depression are combined into a single framework inside an optical fibre, with the pillar created within the fibre. They share a connection with doped fibre amplifiers, which amplify light without lasing. In order to act as gain media for a fibre laser, fibre nonlinearities such stimulated Raman scattering and four-wave mixing can also produce gain.

The use of lasers in medical diagnosis, treatments, or therapies, such as PDT, is known as laser medicine.  After light activation, photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a two-stage treatment that combines light energy with a medication (photosensitizer) to kill malignant and precancerous cells. Initial laser beam tests revealed that a precisely focused beam from a carbon dioxide gas laser could effortlessly and skillfully cut through human flesh. As a result, the beam is the ideal equipment for performing difficult surgeries as a backup to the traditional blade. Lasers were thought to be most effective in working on portions of the body that are easy to reach, such as the ears, skin, lips, eyes, and nose.

Processing of polymers has developed into a significant area of applied and basic research during the past ten years. One of the most significant areas is laser ablation, which involves a variety of techniques and applications. Inorganic materials and synthetic polymer films are prepared for PLD (pulsed laser deposition) using laser ablation, which is also utilised as an analytical technique for MALDI (matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization) and LIBS (laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy). 

The science of light's fundamental properties and its interactions with matter is known as optical physics. Common optical phenomena including reflection, refraction, diffraction, and interference can be found here. It includes research on vision. These include optical physics, applied optics, and optical engineering among them, as well as general optics and optical engineering. 

A flexible, see-through fibre made of silica glass or plastic with a diameter slightly larger than that of a human hair is known as an optical fibre. The wave guide is comprised of translucent dielectrics and is used for optical communication. Optical fibres are widely employed in fiber-optic communications and are primarily utilised to transfer light between the two ends of the fibre.

Biomedical optics is a branch of optics that focuses on the use of light in biological research and medicine, as well as the creation of the optical tools required to do so. Optics, lasers, and information technology have recently made biomedical imaging faster and less expensive, as well as reducing the need for surgery. The study of how light is directed into biological tissues is known as biomedical. Laser and optics biomedical technologies include biological research, medical diagnostics, and therapeutic applications.

Optoelectronics is a rapidly expanding technology sector in which electronic devices are used to source, detect, control, and mechanise light. Electronic devices for emitting, modulating, transmitting, and sensing light are included in this discipline of electronics. The quantum mechanical effects of light on electronic materials, semiconductors, and in the presence of electric fields are the basis of optoelectronics. Electrical-to-optical or optical-to-electrical transducers are optoelectronic devices. It is in the sphere of technology that light is linked to power. Optoelectronic devices are crucial parts of solid state lighting systems, optical communication systems, and power production systems. Examples include light emitting diodes (LEDs), semiconductor lasers, photodetectors, optical fibres, and solar cells.

Microoptoelectromechanical systems (MOEMS), commonly referred to as optical MEMS, are integrations of mechanical, optical, and electrical systems that deal with sensing or modifying optical signals at a very tiny scale. A wide range of devices are included in MOEMS, such as optical switches, optical cross-connects, tenable VCSELs, and micro bolometers. These devices are typically made with silicon, silicon dioxide, silicon nitride, and gallium arsenide using micro-optics and conventional micromachining techniques. 

Optical fibre medical equipment may have optical fibre bundles. Endoscope is an optical fibre equipment that is used to see the inner workings of the human body. The endoscope allows surgeons to view into the body without having to perform surgery.

• Gastroscope

• Bronchoscope

• Orthoscope

SERS (Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy) is a surface-sensitive technique for enhancing raman scattering by molecules absorbed on rough metal surfaces or nanostructures such plasmonic magnetic silica nanotubes. Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering is another name for it. SERS substrates can identify proteins in physiological fluids since they are utilised to detect the presence of low abundance bio molecules. SERS has been used to detect urea and blood plasma label-free in human serum, and it could be the next step in cancer detection and screening. SERS is a technique for determining molecular system structural information. It's used in a variety of fields, including ultrasensitive chemical sensing and environmental studies.

The study of the interactions between thermodynamics and quantum mechanics is known as quantum thermodynamics. The two distinct theories discuss the fundamental properties of matter and light. Albert Einstein made the claim in 1905 that the need for consistency between electromagnetism and thermodynamics leads to the conclusion that light is quantized, so achieving the connection. The beginning of quantum theory is this publication. In a few decades, quantum theory developed its own set of recognised laws. At the moment, quantum thermodynamics deals with how thermodynamic laws come from quantum mechanics. In that it places more focus on dynamical processes out of equilibrium, it varies from quantum statistical mechanics. There is also an effort to make the theory applicable to a single quantum system.

The study of how individual units of light, or photons, interact with atoms and molecules is known as quantum optics. This includes researching photons' particle-like characteristics. It is helpful for both quantum communication and quantum information processing. It applies to both straightforward and intricate quantum systems, including atoms and molecules. Long-distance quantum teleportation between atomic systems has been established by recent research.

Quantum photonics is the science of creating, controlling, and detecting light in regimes where individual quanta of the light field may be coherently controlled (photons). The EPR paradox and Bell test experiments, for example, have used quantum photonics to investigate quantum phenomena. Quantum photonics is also predicted to play a crucial role in the development of future technologies including quantum computing, quantum key distribution, and quantum metrology. Photonic integrated circuits are used in integrated quantum photonics to control photonic quantum states for applications in quantum technology.

Quantum mechanics, a branch of science that studies the physics of subatomic particles and includes concepts like quantum entanglement and quantum superposition, is used by a subset of technology known as quantum technology. Quantum sensors are likely to be used in a variety of fields, including geophysics, positioning systems, communication technologies, electric and magnetic field sensors, and geophysical disciplines including civil engineering and seismology. Using theoretical computer science, atomic physics, and optics, the field of quantum science and devices develops new ideas and hardware for data processing and communications. Quantum physics, as well as quantum entanglement and quantum superposition, are all used in the field of quantum technology.

Nanophotonics is the study of light's effects on the nanoscale scale and how light interacts with matter at that scale. Optics, optical engineering, electrical engineering, and nanotechnology all fall under the umbrella of Nano Photonics. Surface plasmon polaritons can transport and focus light via dielectric structures such as nano antennas or metallic components. Photonic crystal devices, such as dielectric nanophotonic structures and electronics, enabling wavelength-scale light manipulation.

Bio Photonics is the study and application of optical techniques, primarily for imaging. The study of biological molecules, cells, and tissues is referred to as biology. It is a multidisciplinary field that studies the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with biological materials in living creatures, such as tissues, cells, subcellular structures, and chemicals. Bio photonics is a technique that uses a beam of light, such as a laser or an LED, to allow surgeons to view how cells and tissues work. For diagnosis, treatment, and surgery, this light approach provides a sample of damaged and healthy tissue.

Photonics supports AI by enabling ultrafast AI networks and a new class of information processing machines (IPM). Optoelectronic component expansion on photonic integration platforms has fueled the growth of phonotic computing. Nanophotonics, Optical Neural Networks (ONN), and Neuro-morphic Electronic Systems all contribute to photonics' role in AI. It desperately has to pick up the pace to fulfil its potential, including that of driverless vehicles.

Photonics and Optics is the current science of photon generation, detection, and exploitation via emission, transmission, modulation, signal processing, switching, amplification, detection/sensing, and behavior, as well as light qualities. A prospective application of photonics that is currently being investigated instead of electronics. Converting electrons to photons has a number of advantages, the most important of which is speed. The usage of photonics, which has been shown to be more energy-efficient than conventional technologies, is the next step in the increasing speed of technology. It includes laser manufacturing, biological and chemical sensing, medical diagnostics and therapy, display technologies, and optical computing, among other science and technology applications.

• LiDAR
• Optical Tweezers
• Laser Scalpel
• Laser Cutters
• Laser Welding
• Fiber Optics
• Optical Storage
• 3D Scanners
• Ultra-Fast Photography
• Optical instrumentation
• Optical fabrication
• Optics in astronomy and astrophysics
• Integrated photonics
• Diffractive optics
• Computational optical sensing and imaging
• Optical imaging
• Applied optics
• CT (computed tomography) scans
• MRIs (magnetic resonance imaging)
• ultrasounds, and X-rays (a form of radiography)
• Chemical synthesis, medical diagnostics, on-chip data communication, sensors, laser defence, and fusion energy are just a few of the latest uses of photonics.